A = Living cells at different focal planes; B = Squashed cell with thecal plates and ornamention. (DIC)
Life-form: Solitary
Size: Length 18-38 µm, width 28-34 µm.
Resting spore:
Note:
Distinctive features: 1' is meta and 2a is quadra, triangle in crossection. Surface with short spines or papillae
Similar species: P. metananum
Distribution: Worldwide in cold water
Literature:
Hansen, G. & Larsen, J. 1992. Dinoflagellater i danske farvande.
In: Thomsen, H. A. (ed.) Plankton i de indre danske farvande.
Havforskning fra Miljøstyrelsen, Copenhagen, p. 45-155.
Paulsen, O. 1908. XVIII Peridiniales. In: Nordisches Plankton, (eds K. Brandt & C. Apstein). Verlag Linsius und Tischer, Kiel und Leipzig, pp. 1-124
Steidinger K. A. & Tangen, K. 1996. Dinoflagellates. In: Tomas, C. R. (ed.) Identifying marine diatoms and dinoflagellates. Academic Press, Inc., San Diego, p. 387-584.